Report by Developed Country Members on the implementation of TRIPS Art. 66.2 (re. Technology Transfer to LDCs) - View details of the document

New Zealand

INTRODUCTION

1. This submission provides an update on New Zealand's activities for the period July 2018 –June 2019, consistent with commitments made under Article 66.2 of the TRIPS Agreement. These commitments contribute to the promotion and encouragement of technology transfer to least developed countries (LDCs), with a view to enabling a sound and viable technological base.

2. Technology transfer is interpreted in this report broadly to include training, education and 'know‑how', along with any capital component, and include four key modes of technology transfer:

  

  • physical objects or equipment;
  • skills and human aspects of technology management and learning;
  • designs and blueprints which constitute the document-embodied knowledge on information and technology; and
  • production arrangement linkages within which technology is operated. 

3. New Zealand encourages and appreciates the interest that LDC Members have in learning more about the value and outcomes of our technology transfer programmes. We have also included a table of specific examples of technology transfer to LDCs, in response to a request from LDCs for a more standardised format of reporting.

1  OVERVIEW OF INCENTIVES, TYPES OF TECHNOLOGY AND THE MODES OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

4. New Zealand encourages technology transfer to LCDs through various methods, including through the promotion of an economic environment that enables New Zealand enterprises and institutions to transfer technology abroad; encouraging global trade in goods, services and labour mobility, facilitating a strong intellectual property environment and through various bilateral and regional development programmes. We also encourage LDCs to adopt the most relevant and cost-effective technology available on the global market.   

5. Due to New Zealand's history, culture and location, the primary geographical focus of the New Zealand Aid Programme is the Pacific and key partners in Asia.  The LDCs with which New Zealand has bilateral or targeted regional programmes are: Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Rwanda, Timor Leste, Ethiopia and Afghanistan (all of whom are LDC WTO Members or Observers), and Kiribati and Tuvalu, (non-WTO Member activities are not the focus of this report).   

6. New Zealand's engagement with LDCs on technology transfer occurs predominantly through the New Zealand Aid Programme, managed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MFAT).  We see technology transfer as fundamental to achieving sustainable development and poverty reduction in developing countries, through the investment of money, knowledge and skills. With a strong focus on the Pacific, New Zealand's Official Development Assistance (ODA) was boosted in 2018, with an additional funding commitment of NZD 714 million, increasing the overall ODA funds to NZD 2,218.73 billion for the period 2018 – 2021.

7. This increase in funding coincided with a renewed strategic direction for New Zealand's international cooperation for effective sustainable development. Its updated purpose is to contribute to a more peaceful world, in which all people live in dignity and safety, all countries can prosper, and our shared environment is protected. New Zealand supports the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and is committed to the values we want to see prevail in the world, including human rights, good governance and democracy; gender equality and women's empowerment; sound stewardship of the environment and climate; prevention and peaceful resolution of conflict; and the importance of international cooperation.

8. Our ODA priorities are dependent on individual country needs to support sustainable development, and can be broadly framed through the Sustainable Development Goal (SDGs) pillars of:

  • People — health, education, scholarships, human rights, and inclusive development targeting women and youth, and humanitarian action;
  • Planet — climate change, renewable energy, resilience, environment, and oceans;
  • Prosperity — economic governance, information and communication technology, agriculture, trade, labour mobility and employment; and
  • Peace — effective governance, peacebuilding, security, and preventing violence.

9. Guided by these policy settings, the Ministry will continue to deliver 60% of our overall ODA in the Pacific. Beyond the Pacific, the New Zealand Aid Programme prioritises Timor-Leste and South East Asia, and takes a targeted approach to the rest of Asia, Africa and Latin America. In these regions, we focus our aid on addressing climate change, peacebuilding, effective governance, and achieving a resilient global economy.

10. In 2018, New Zealand also launched the 'Pacific Reset' - a refreshed New Zealand approach to the Pacific Islands region. New Zealand's engagement in the Pacific is driven by our strong Pacific identity and interconnectedness with the region, coupled with the direct impact the Pacific's stability and prosperity has on New Zealand's national interests. The 'Pacific Reset' recognizes that the Pacific faces a broad array of challenges and is becoming an increasingly contested strategic space, under which New Zealand has to work harder to maintain our positive influence. New Zealand is therefore seeking to deepen its engagement with the Pacific and ensure our relationships with Pacific Island countries are built on understanding, friendship, mutual benefit and a collective ambition to achieve sustainable results.

2  ODA ACTIVITIES PROVIDING TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO LDCs1

2.1  EXAMPLES OF BILATERAL PROGRAMMES WITH LDCs

11. As the New Zealand Aid Programme evolves over time, different elements of technology transfer will feature.  The following are some current examples from bilateral programmes with a number of LDC WTO Member Countries.  

2.1.1  Vanuatu

12. New Zealand, the Government of Vanuatu and the World Bank have partnered on the Vanuatu Rural Electrification Project to deliver affordable renewable energy to people in rural areas. Under phase one and phase two of the project, New Zealand has provided NZD 11 million over eight years (2014-2022) through the Pacific Regional Infrastructure Facility to subsidise low-maintenance solar photovoltaic 'plug and play' systems for approximately 26,450 households (132,250 people), in addition to 230 health posts, 2,000 community halls. Phase Two is also piloting the delivery of larger capacity solar powered mini-grid systems for five rural communities across Vanuatu. To date VREP Phase 1 and 2 has provided sustainable renewable electricity to 17,500 households reaching approximately 87,500 people.

2.1.2  Afghanistan

13. New Zealand's Agricultural Support Programme II in Afghanistan, which was recently completed in 2018, was a four year, NZD 3.5 million activity that provided training and mentoring to agricultural cooperatives and small businesses in  Yakawlang and Panjab districts of Bamyan Province to improve practices in beekeeping and honey production. Extension Officers (EOs) also conducted 817 individual farm visits (629 ASP farmers/ 188 non-ASP farmers), undertaking monitoring of winter wheat sowing and providing on-site advice to farmers. The project has contributed to higher honey production volumes and increased commercial income among small agricultural businesses. 

2.1.3  Myanmar

14. New Zealand invests in a five year, NZD 12 million Rakhine Winter Crops Project to improve farm incomes, water management and crop diversification, specifically in relation to winter crops in Myanmar's Rakhine State.

15. New Zealand is also supporting the Myanmar Dairy Excellence Project, which is a six year, NZD 7.6 million project to improve Myanmar's dairy industry. The project seeks to improve the quality and quantity of milk produced in three regions by introducing new types of forage and pasture management, animal and farm management techniques, and protocols for the safe and hygienic collection, transportation and processing of milk and milk products.  The project has included visits by farmers and Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation officials to New Zealand to study farming and cheese-making practices, and includes input from a range of New Zealand organisations.

16. Plant and Food Research, a New Zealand Crown Research Institute, is also partnering with Proximity Design, a Myanmar Social Enterprise, in a five year (2018-2021) NZD 7.9 million project to improve the productivity, incomes and resilience of smallholder vegetable farmers and reduce post-harvest losses, in the Shan Highlands, Ayeyarwaddy Delta and Dry Zone regions.

17. Finally, the Myanmar – New Zealand Renewable Energy Programme supports increased renewable energy production and connectivity in rural areas; ethnic communities to undertake best practice development of renewable energy resources; and building government capability to deliver renewable energy.  The Programme works in close cooperation with the Myanmar Ministry of Electricity and Energy.  Total funding exceeds NZD 10 million and has included support for the Bawgata hydro ESIA, training within MOEE, and support for a rural electrification programme implemented by GIZ.  A NZD 4 million extension of the Rural Electrification project through GIZ has just been approved extending funding for a further three years bringing total funding for this project alone to NZD 5.8 million.

2.1.4  Lao People's Democratic Republic

18. The New Zealand – Lao PDR Renewable Energy Facility (NZ-Lao PDR REF) has been established to support the Government of Lao PDR realise it goal to increase beneficial use of renewable energy resources to support economic and social development in Lao PDR. In the first phase of support, NZD 4 million has been committed to providing TA to support small and large dam safety, to review and refresh the National Renewable Strategy and shortly, their Energy Efficiency and Conservation Strategy, as well as English language training support for energy sector officials. Planning is under way for a second phase of the technical assistance facility where Cambodia will also be eligible for support.

2.2  EXAMPLES FROM REGIONAL PROGRAMMES

19. New Zealand provides LDCs with technology transfer and assistance to encourage investment through various regional assistance programmes.  In some cases it is difficult to separate expenditure specifically provided to LDC Members, although it is clear that LDC Members within these regions benefit from these programmes.

2.2.1  Pacific Economic and Trade-related Activities

20. Sound economic management and appropriate policies are critical to encourage technology transfer, trade and investment.  The New Zealand Aid Programme provides funding to various regional organisations that provide economic advice, capacity building, or support the development of trade or investment:

  • The Pacific Islands Financial Technical Assistance Centre (PFTAC) supports Pacific Island Countries to improve economic management through the provision of technical advice and practical support in public financial management, banking regulation, tax administration, macroeconomic management and National Accounts, and in coordinating donor efforts in these areas.  New Zealand has committed NZD 12 million for the current five-year cycle of PFTAC through to June 2020;
  • The Pacific Trade & Invest (PTI) office in Auckland aims to enhance trade, investment and tourism opportunities for Pacific Island businesses. New Zealand contributes NZD 1.1 million per year to the operation of PTI; and
  • In 2018 New Zealand facilitated a two week programme delivered by the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority to a group of 12 Pacific Island country officials. The programme focused on energy efficiency advice in a bid to improve access to affordable, reliable and clean energy for the Pacific.  

2.2.2  ICT sector

21. New Zealand also funds a broad range of initiatives in the ICT sector across the Pacific region, aimed at improving connectivity for communities that are underserved, and enhancing digital services to citizens and businesses. Examples of these initiatives include:

  • Investment of approximately NZD 42 million into submarine cables in Polynesia, connecting a number of countries to cables for the first time to improve connectivity and reduce cost to the consumer;
  • Funding of NZD 6 million to the University of the South Pacific to upgrade its academic campus network over 14 countries in the region, to improve education and training outcomes through the provision of enhanced digital education platforms;
  • Commitment in 2019 of NZD 10 million over five-year to providing cybersecurity capacity building support to Pacific countries, to help partners improve security of their digital technology platforms and information online; and
  • A partnership with the World Bank, beginning in 2019, to conduct an assessment of e-government digital services across the region with a view to providing recommendations on how to improve e-government services to citizens and businesses in the Pacific.

22. The New Zealand Aid Programme also supports the development and utilisation of quality trade statistics in the Pacific through funding PC Trade. PC Trade is a computer based software system designed by Statistics New Zealand that provides Pacific Island Countries, including several LDCs with a customised, fit for purpose system for collecting trade data and producing trade reports. The system supports a variety of functions including processing customs declarations and manifests, managing levies, tariffs and excise duties, applying selected higher level World Customs Organisation codes, and retaining a record of transactions at the border.  From this data, simple reports can be generated that are then used to evaluate economic progress and inform decision making. In-country training and a help desk support service is also provided as part of this programme.

2.2.3  Business Development

23. New Zealand also invests in sources of sustainable private sector-led economic growth where they exist, which has a strong focus in the Pacific on agriculture and tourism and supporting Pacific countries build the infrastructure that underpins trade and economic growth opportunities.

24. A key outcome is our support for Fairtrade Business Development in the Pacific which benefitting 32,627 small producers across the Pacific, including in the Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu. Premium sales since programme inception have totalled NZD 19.5 million. Farmers reported an increase in household incomes, and that savings from fertiliser subsidies had enabled them to devote more expenditure on long term investments, such as education for their children.

2.2.4  Broadcasting

25. New Zealand has also funded the Pacific Cooperation Broadcast Limited's Pasifika TV programme since 2015. The initiative has delivered a range of benefits. An enhanced programme was launched this year, which includes a dedicated Pasifika channel hosted by TVNZ. The programme involves Pacific journalists and benefits from the delivery of field equipment and associated technical training to improve the quality and quantity of Pacific-led content. Benefits include:

  • A significant increase in the amount of Pacific-created content to be hosted on the channel, through bespoke training and a contestable fund for Pacific creators (from 2020);
  • An increase in intra-regional sharing of Pacific stories facilitated by a biennial Pacific broadcasters conference (from 2020). Also aided by access to Pasifika TV as a collaborative channel platform;
  • Further advancement of Pacific broadcasting capability through an expanded training and media exchange programme (from 2020); and
  • Improvement to broadcasting infrastructure with a regional upgrade allowing broadcasters to receive multi-format feeds (i.e. Standard Definition, High Definition & livestream/online).

26. Pacific governments and agencies will be able to contribute to the Pasifika TV service by providing public service and emergency response messaging to be displayed on the channel. A number of the Pacific broadcasters receiving content via Pasifika TV, and contributing their own content, are national public broadcasters. Through the platform, Pacific governments and broadcasters will have the opportunity to support domestic creative industry sectors and encourage job creation in new sections of the economy. The current 24 partner broadcasters are in several Pacific Island countries including the Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu.

2.2.5  Pacific Environmental Activities

27. New Zealand provides core financial support to the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) (NZD 6.15 million over four years 2016-2019). SPREP provides technical advice, programme support and capacity building assistance to Pacific island countries and territories in the areas of biodiversity and ecosystem management, climate change, ocean acidification, waste management and pollution control, and environmental monitoring and governance, and accordingly promotes the transfer of knowledge into the region.

2.2.6  Climate Change Programme

28. In 2018, New Zealand began implementing a dedicated climate change programme enabling Pacific countries to lead their climate change response. The programme provides NZD 150 million over four years in bilateral and regional funding, including support for the Pacific Climate Change Centre, working with Australian counterparts on the Climate and Ocean Support Programme, and strengthening water security in low-lying countries.

29. New Zealand funds a broad range of initiatives which aim to support low-emissions climate‑resilient development, improve access to science and information to support Pacific Island countries' decision-making, improve water security and strengthen ecosystems, increase access to renewable energy, and support both economic and climate resilience. Examples of these initiatives include:

  • Piloting a Pacific Risk Tool for Resilience in Samoa and Vanuatu, demonstrating the benefits of using information to model the effects of natural hazards, such as tropical cyclones and droughts, to forecast damage to people and infrastructure. This information can be used to inform short-term (e.g. disaster response) and long term (e.g. land-use) planning to reduce potential losses;
  • In Vanuatu, water and sanitation activities have seen 196 Drinking Water Safety and Security Plans completed, 19 communities implementing low-cost improvements to their existing water supply systems and ten infrastructure investment projects completed. By mid-2020, 336 communities - around 17% of rural Vanuatu communities – will have completed DWSSPs; and
  • A suite of renewable energy initiatives across a range of countries such as Tonga, Tuvalu, Niue and Samoa has seen these countries make significant progress towards achieving their ambitious renewable energy targets.

30. New Zealand has committed to delivering at least NZD 300 million in climate-related support from 2019 to 2022, at least two thirds of which will benefit the Pacific and at least half of which will focus on adaptation. Our recent country programmes in the Pacific find that the Aid Programme's investments in renewable-energy generation and electricity distribution across the Pacific are relevant to the priorities of partner countries. The investments help New Zealand's partner countries make progress towards their renewable-energy targets; reduce their reliance on importing fuel to generate electricity, which is expensive; generate more reliable electricity in remote locations; and reduce greenhouse gas emissions (this enhances the Pacific's credibility when it advocates for action on climate change).

2.2.7  Recognized Seasonal Employer (RSE) Scheme

31. The Recognized Seasonal Employer (RSE) scheme enables New Zealand employers in the horticulture and viticulture industries to recruit migrant seasonal workers, primarily from the Pacific.  The purpose of the scheme is to provide New Zealand employers with a reliable source of seasonal labour and to provide Pacific workers with income and employment opportunities.  While RSE workers are in New Zealand they also have the opportunity to up-skill and undertake a variety of training courses. 

32. Since 2007, 98,789 seasonal work visas have been issued under the scheme. Of that, just  over 45,700 RSE visas have been issued to workers from LDCs in the Pacific (Kiribati, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu and Vanuatu).Workers involved in the scheme have improved their literacy, numeracy and communication skills, which also led to improved confidence.

33. The New Zealand Aid Programme provides significant financial support to facilitate the scheme, including:

  • A training programme for RSE workers in English language, financial literacy and life skills for new entrants to the scheme as well as more advanced training, for example, in basic trades, small business and leadership for more experienced workers. The programme has provided training to over 8,000 workers over seven years (2012 – present); and
  • Technical assistance delivered by the New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment to build the capacity of Pacific governments to recruit and manage the supply of labour for New Zealand's horticulture and viticulture industries under the RSE scheme.

2.2.8  Africa

34. The New Zealand – Africa Geothermal Facility (NZ-AGF) is a NZD 10.2 million partnership with the African Union Commission. Over five years (2018-22), it provides geothermal technical assistance to support the development of the geothermal sector in 11 eligible East African countries including Rwanda and Ethiopia. Initiatives delivered to date have focused on regional training, where Ethiopia has been represented. The AGF is planning to  deliver a multi-country drilling support programme (for Ethiopia, Tanzania and Djibouti), as well as additional targeted TA to work with the Kenyan Geothermal Development Company, and to support to the Ethiopian government restructure its geothermal industry. New Zealand is also working in Rwanda and Ethiopia with the Clinton Health Access Initiative to reduce malnutrition and help farmers to improve production methods and post‑harvest systems, and increase farmer incomes, contributing to increased economic and food security benefits from agriculture.

2.3  EXAMPLES FROM GLOBAL PROGRAMMES

2.3.1  New Zealand Scholarships

35. The New Zealand Aid Programme provides scholarships to citizens of targeted developing and least developed countries to undertake vocational training or tertiary level study in New Zealand, the Pacific region or in South East Asia. During 2019, just over 1200 new scholarships were offered by New Zealand to scholars from developing and least developed countries. Funding on New Zealand Scholarships in the 2018/19 financial year totalled approximately NZD 84 million.

36. New Zealand Scholarships enhance the skills and knowledge of scholars so that they can contribute to the social and economic development of their home countries. Scholarships are offered only for training and qualifications in subjects and skills relevant to the identified human resource development needs and priorities of each country.

2.4  OTHER NEW ZEALAND PROGRAMMES WITH A TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER COMPONENT  2.4.1  Intellectual Property Office of New Zealand

37. The Intellectual Property Office of New Zealand (IPONZ) provides on-going technical assistance on request to developing and least developed countries.  New Zealand will continue to support future work, on request, to improve the intellectual property systems of developing countries.

38. IPONZ is recognized for its efficient and effective online services, high quality examination and registration processes. As a result, IPONZ hosts delegations and study visits from developing and least developed countries to provide practical training and knowledge sharing.

39. In July 2018, an IPONZ delegate visited Samoa to assist in their preparation to join the Madrid Protocol for the International Registration of trademarks.

40. This year, IPONZ participated in two reciprocal trademark examiner exchanges; one with Intellectual Property Office of Australia (IP Australia), the other with Intellectual Property Office of Singapore (IPOS).

2.4.1.1  The following table outlines IPONZ key activities for the period 1 July 2018 – 30 June 2019:

Category

Date

Location

Activity

Practical training and information exchange

July 2018

Apia, Samoa

An IPONZ delegate visited Samoa to assist in their preparation to join the Madrid Protocol, in conjunction with WIPO.

Information exchange

August 2018

Singapore, Singapore

A New Zealand Trademark examiner visited IPOS to share knowledge as part of an examiner exchange.

Information exchange and technical advice

October 2018

Roelofarendsveen, Netherlands

A PVRO examiner worked on the development of a quality management system for DUS testing with the Netherlands.

Information exchange

October 2018

Wellington, New Zealand

IPONZ hosted an overseas delegation from the Japanese Patent Office to exchange information on operational and policy matters.

Information exchange

October 2018

Sydney, Australia

Two speakers from IPONZ, one from our Māori Advisory Committee, presented at International Trademark Association Conference on 'The Important Role IP Offices Play in Supporting Economic Growth and Indigenous Intellectual Property'.

Information exchange

October 2018

Sydney, Australia

IPONZ Trademarks, Designs, and Systems experts participated in a series of workshops hosted by the EUIPO.

Practical training, technical advice and information exchange

January 2019

Christchurch, New Zealand

PVRO hosted Indonesian delegates.

Information exchange

February 2019

Christchurch, New Zealand

PVRO hosted a visiting Plant Breeder Rights examiner from IP Australia.

Practical training, technical advice and information exchange

February 2019

Christchurch, New Zealand

PVRO hosted the Community Plant Variety Office.

Information exchange

February 2019

Wellington, New Zealand

IPONZ hosted Ian Goss (Chair of WIPO's IGC on IP and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Traditional Cultural Expressions) for meetings with IPONZ and MBIE.

Information exchange

February 2019

Canberra, Australia

An IPONZ Trademarks examiner visited IP Australia as part of an examiner exchange.

Information exchange

March 2019

Wellington, New Zealand

An IPOS Trademarks examiner visited IPONZ to share knowledge as part of an examiner exchange.

Practical training, technical advice and information exchange

March 2019

Christchurch, New Zealand

PVRO hosted Indonesian delegates.

Information exchange

April 2019

Gold Coast, Australia

Two IPONZ examiners, one Patents and one Trademarks, presented at the 2019 Annual IPTA conference.

Information exchange

May 2019

Wellington, New Zealand

An IP Australia Trademarks examiner visited IPONZ to share knowledge as part of an examiner exchange.

 

2.4.1.2  AANZFTA Economic Cooperation Support Programme

41. AANZFTA mandates a programme of technical assistance activities known as the AANZFTA Economic Cooperation Support Programme (AECSP). The AECSP is jointly funded by Australia and New Zealand. Between 2010 and December 2018, it had an overall budget of AUD 30 million. As of December 2018, 79 projects had been initiated across the eight different components of the economic cooperation work programme, with 57 being completed as of December 2018.

42. Projects funded by the AECSP are available to all ten ASEAN member states, including three LDCs: Cambodia, Lao PDR and Myanmar. The aim of the AECSP is to facilitate AANZFTA implementation; progress built-in agenda negotiations; achieve deeper economic integration among the parties; and increase business utilisation of AANZFTA.

43. In 2018 New Zealand recommitted to funding this programme until 31 December 2021. During the period July 2016 – June 2018, numerous AECSP projects promoted technology transfer, particularly the transfer of skills and human aspects of technology management and learning. Some examples of projects involving Cambodia, Lao PDR and Myanmar include:

  • The extension of support to a number of projects focused on intellectual property in 2018, including for "IP Public Education and Awareness" and "Regional Patent Examination Training (RPET) Mentoring";
  • OECD Investment Policy Reviews for Cambodia, Lao PDR and Myanmar (ongoing);
  • Technical workshops across a range of areas of the agreement, including sanitary and phytosanitary measures, rules of origin and food standards, capacity building for patent examiners, competition law and consumer protection, national qualification frameworks and investment policy;
  • Enhancing ASEAN Logistics and Transport Services;
  • Phase 3 of the "Accession to the Madrid Protocol Project" – AECSP supported the succession of Lao PDR to the Protocol in 2016 and provided technical assistance to Myanmar to aid future accession; and
  • Further secondments of officials from Myanmar to the New Zealand Commerce Commission under the Competition Law Implementation Programme.

 

 

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[1] The information provided is based on the reporting criteria agreed by the TRIPS Council in February 2003. Any relevant activities of multilateral agencies that New Zealand provides core funding to are not reflected in this report. All figures quoted are in New Zealand dollars.

krissy.grace@mfat.govt.nz

List of programmes/projects

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# Name of programme or project Beneficiary Members(s) Category of technology  
1 Vanuatu Rural Electrification Project (VREP Phase I)
Vanuatu
Environmentally friendly or sustainable technology; Information and communications technology; Climate change mitigation technology
2 Agricultural Support Programme II in Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Health-related technology; Environmentally friendly or sustainable technology; Food and agriculture; Information and communications technology
3 Pacific Financial Technical Assistance Centre (PFTAC)
Information and communications technology
4 PC Trade Programme
Food and agriculture; Information and communications technology
5 Strengthening Pacific Labour Mobility Partnerships: Toso Vaka o Manū
Environmentally friendly or sustainable technology; Food and agriculture; Information and communications technology
6 Recognised Seasonal Employer Worker Training Programme
Environmentally friendly or sustainable technology; Food and agriculture; Information and communications technology; Climate change mitigation technology
7 Climate Change Programme
Environmentally friendly or sustainable technology; Information and communications technology; Climate change mitigation technology