Informe de los países desarrollados Miembros sobre la aplicación del párrafo 2 del artículo 66 del Acuerdo sobre los ADPIC (transferencia de tecnología a los PMA) - Ver detalles del documento

Japan

1  INTRODUCTION

  1. The Government of Japan has been conducting development cooperation activities in many fields. One of the most important objectives of these cooperation activities is to promote and encourage the transfer of technology.
  2. Japan understands that incentives for technology transfer should be interpreted to include a variety of measures such as financial support and business environment support, and that supporting the business environment by strengthening intellectual property protection is one of several effective measures to promote technology transfer by private sectors. Based on this understanding, Japan has provided many incentive measures.
  3. With regard to the incentives provided by Japan to enterprises and institutions in Japan, the Government of Japan would like to report on the following activities. The Government of Japan believes that the following activities contribute to raising levels of technological infrastructure in least developed countries (LDCs), which will bring about further technology transfer.

2  ACTIVITIES UNDERTAKEN BY TECHNICAL COOPERATION ORGANIZATIONS

2.1  JICA

  1. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) provides technical cooperation through ODA, through which knowledge and technologies are transferred. The scale of operations for technical cooperation through JICA amounts to approximately JPY 191.8 billion for FY2021. Some examples of technical cooperation for LDC Members are listed in the Annex.
  2. Under the Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development (SATREPS) programme, JICA collaborates with Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) and Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), as the funding agencies for science and technology, to promote international joint research projects with developing countries, aimed at resolving global issues. JST/AMED support Japanese research institutions/researchers for the project activities in Japan. JICA supports project implementation in developing countries, such as dispatching Japanese experts (researchers), providing equipment and training of personnel, and other supports related to projects in developing countries in frameworks of ODA technical cooperation. SATREPS projects implemented with LDC members are listed in the Annex.
  3. In 2013, JICA launched a new public-private partnership programme, 'Collaboration Programme with the Private Sector for Disseminating Japanese Technology', which aims to promote understanding of Japanese enterprises' technology, knowledge and system and to explore the possibility of using them for the development of developing countries. Some examples of projects implemented under this programme are listed in the Annex. The programme title was revised into 'SDGs Business Verification Survey with Private Sector'.

2.2  AOTS

  1. The Association for Overseas Technical Cooperation and Sustainable Partnerships (AOTS) is an organization for human resources development in developing countries to promote technical cooperation through training, expert dispatch and other programmes.

2.2.1  Technical Training

  1. Training is conducted for engineers and managers invited to Japan from developing countries as trainees. Its programmes include practical trainings implemented by private companies, which allows trainees to acquire skills and techniques in specific fields. In 2021, AOTS provided technical training courses for engineers and managers of Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Myanmar and Nepal.

2.2.2  Management Training

  1. Training programmes in Japan or the online seminars connected by teleconference system with Japan are conducted for the engineers along with middle and top managers etc. from developing countries to enhance their business or factory management skills and techniques through understanding management concepts and observing actual examples of their usage. In 2021, AOTS provided management training courses for the engineers and managers of Bangladesh, Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Nepal, Sudan and Tanzania. 

2.2.3  Expert Dispatch Programme

  1. AOTS experts provide technical guidance and advice to local companies and contribute to improvements in areas such as manufacturing technologies and business management skills. In 2021, technical guidance on various issues was offered to Cambodia.

2.3  JETRO

2.3.1  Dispatching Experts to Improve the Business Environment of Developing Countries in order to Promote Trade and Investment

  1. Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO) is engaged in dispatching experts to assist developing countries in the establishment of various rules and institutions necessary to create a business environment conducive to trade and investment. More specifically, in response to requests of private sectors and other entities from developing countries, experts were dispatched in respective industry fields such as automotive parts and molds & dies.

2.3.2  Supporting Developing Countries to Expand Their Exports Industries (OVOP)

  1. JETRO helps developing countries to expand their exports to Japan and achieve self-sustainable economic growth, by promoting products from emerging countries. Some projects are implemented as part of 'One Village One Product (OVOP)' campaign, the initiative for supporting and promoting local economies in developing countries. The core activities of the campaign are to exhibit and sell craftworks, accessories, processed foods and other such products at 'OVOP Market'. These are sourced from developing countries in Asia, Africa, Central America and the Pacific and are sold at Narita and Kansai International Airports. This promotion will be carried out to introduce the merits of these products to Japanese customers and to expand sales in the Japanese market.

3  ACTIVITIES IN THE FIELD OF CLIMATE CHANGE

3.1  Climate Finance

  1. In 2015, Japan announced 'ACE: Actions for Cool Earth 2.0', which aims to encourage developing countries' participation in the Paris Agreement, and to contribute to significant reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by leading the world in further reinforcing development of innovative technologies. This strategy consists of two pillars: the implementation of climate-related assistance to developing countries totalling approximately JPY 1.3 trillion from public and private sources in 2020; and innovation enhancement, a key to taking action against climate change while maintaining economic growth.
  2. In June 2021 at the G7 Cornwall Summit, Japan announced that Japan would provide climate finance, both public and private, totalling JPY 6.5 trillion over the next 5 years, from 2021 to 2025. On top of that, Japan announced its additional contribution in November 2021 at COP26 to provide up to USD 10 billion from both public and private from 2021 to 2025. For adaptation to climate change, Japan announced in November 2021 at COP26 to double its assistance for adaptation totalling approximately JPY 1.6 trillion from both public and private sectors from 2021 to 2025. These commitments stand out as a sizeable amount among other developed countries. Under these commitments, Japan will continue to lead the global effort to tackle climate change.

3.2  JCM

  1. Japan established and has been implementing the Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) in order both to quantitatively evaluate contributions of Japan to GHG emission reductions or removals which are achieved through the diffusion of leading decarbonizing technologies, products, systems, services, and infrastructure among others as well as implementation of mitigation actions particularly in developing countries, and to use them to achieve Japan's nationally determined contribution and for other purposes. As of July 2022, Japan had signed this partnership with 17 countries. Japan is promoting the formulation of JCM projects through various supporting schemes, and further accelerating the transfer of leading decarbonizing technologies.

3.3  Other Initiatives relating to Climate Change

  1. In addition to the aforementioned JCM, Japan promotes technology transfer relating to climate change through active participation in multilateral initiatives under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), such as the Technology Executive Committee (TEC) and Climate Technology Center and Network (CTCN) for which Japan has made a contribution of USD 12.7 million as of FY2020. In October 2021, Japan revised its 'Long-Term Strategy under the Paris Agreement' which shows the basic concept, visions, and measures for net-zero GHG emissions by 2050. The strategy includes 'Business-led Promotion of International Application, and International Cooperation' as one of pillars. Under this pillar, Japan will promote international application of the products and goods with high environmental performance with Japanese advanced technologies, and through further improvement of the environment, such as market creation, human resource development, and establishment of institutional platforms. At the same time, Japan will lead the discussion in international cooperation and multilateral and bilateral international negotiations by actively proposing rule-making and the formulation of standards and criteria.
  2. As part of the implementation of the strategy, at an ASEAN+3 Ministers on Energy Meeting in September 2019, Japan proposed inauguration of Cleaner Energy Future Initiative for ASEAN (CEFIA), under the framework of the ASEAN+3. CEFIA aims at developing an environment in which businesses are able to demonstrate leadership in disseminating decarbonizing technologies in and across ASEAN countries. CEFIA is expected to contribute to APAEC (ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation), implement CEFIA collaboration roadmap, and accelerate finance, primarily through the implementation of its Flagship Projects. The 2nd CEFIA Government-Private Forum Held was held on February 2021.
  3. Prime Minister Suga announced that Japan would aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net-zero by 2050 and to realize a decarbonized society. On December 2020, Japan compiled 'Green Growth Strategy Through Achieving Carbon Neutrality in 2050' and created a fund of JPY 2 trillion for providing continuing assistance to companies taking up the challenge of ambitious innovations throughout the next decade and set out a policy for the use of the tax system in addition. The strategy was updated in June 2021. Prime Minister Suga announced that Japan aims to reduce its GHG emissions by 46% in FY2030 from its FY2013 levels, setting an ambitious target which is aligned with the long‑term goal of achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. Furthermore, Japan will continue strenuous efforts in its challenge to meet the lofty goal of cutting its emission by 50% (announced at the 45th meeting of the Global Warming Prevention Headquarters and Leaders Summit on Climate on 22 April 2021).

4  ACTIVITIES IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL SECTOR

  1. Since providing good quality medicines forms the foundation of healthcare, it has become an important task to establish a system that can consistently ensure the availability of quality, safe and efficacious medicines in developing countries.
  2. Furthermore, the spread of substandard and falsified (SF) medical products is a significant public health problem, as it not only threatens the health of individual users but also leads to waste of public resources and/or to the risk of spawning drug-resistant strains of bacteria. As such, strengthening measures to combat the distribution of SF medical products is also of great importance.
  3. From these perspectives, the Government of Japan, through JICA and Japan International Corporation of Welfare Services (JICWELS), conducts training programmes in order to develop and reinforce specialist personnel engaged in pharmaceutical regulatory services.
  4. Additionally, the Government of Japan in cooperation with the Japanese Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (JPMA) contributes to improvement of pharmaceutical regulations through participation in international conferences, and endeavours to disseminate the outcomes to developing countries in the Asian region.

5  ACTIVITIES IN THE FIELD OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

  1. In FY2020, the following 11 group training courses for government officials were conducted by the Japan Patent Office (JPO), in cooperation with the Asian Pacific Industrial Property Center (APIC) of the Japan Institute for Promoting Invention and Innovation (JIPII). 47 participants from LDCs in total completed training.
  2. In FY2020, the JPO also conducted 4 group training courses for the private sector, and 13 participants from LDCs completed training.
  3. In addition, the Government of Japan has been providing voluntary contributions to WIPO, which is a UN organization responsible for the protection of intellectual property throughout the world and the administration of various multilateral treaties, such as the creation of IPR rules, etc. The 'WIPO Funds-in-Trust/Japan' (FIT/JP) was established with these voluntary funds and is used to support WIPO members in the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP). In addition, in FY2008, the FIT/JP for Africa and LDCs was founded in order to promote self-sustained economic development utilizing IP in the region. Furthermore, since April 2019, Japan has renewed FIT/JP as the Global Funds, which are used without limiting areas of support. Through these voluntary funds, various projects are implemented every year, such as accepting trainees and IPR research fellows, holding symposiums, sending JPO officials, and supporting the automation and modernization of IP offices. In FY2021, as many as 8 programmes were organized with the Funds-in-Trust Japan Industrial Property Global (FIT Japan IP Global), which had 467 participants including those from LDCs.
  4. Moreover, JICA provides various IP training programmes by inviting government officials from various countries to Japan. Under such programmes, participants are expected to acquire general and basic knowledge through lectures, discussion, site observation etc. and to share the knowledge among participants from various countries. Courses on intellectual property rights have been held since 2000. The courses had many participants from LDCs including Myanmar, Cambodia, The Gambia, Uganda and Tanzania.
takafumi.suzuki-3@mofa.go.jp

Lista de programas/proyectos

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# Nombre del programa o proyecto Miembro(s) beneficiario(s) Categoría de la tecnología  
1 Participatory Agriculture Development in Savannakhet Province
República Democrática Popular Lao
Food and agriculture
2 The Project on Capacity Development for Sustainable Forest Resource Management in Solomon Islands
Islas Salomón
Food and agriculture; Information and communications technology; Climate change mitigation technology
3 The ICT Innovation Ecosystem Strengthening Project
Rwanda
Health-related technology; Food and agriculture; Information and communications technology; Other
4 The Project for Improving Continuum of Care with focus on Intrapartum and Neonatal Care
Camboya
Health-related technology
5 The Project for Establishment of National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) for Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Information and communications technology
6 The Project for Capacity Building of Nursing Services
Bangladesh
Health-related technology
7 Project for Strengthening of Solid Waste Management in Dhaka North City, Dhaka South City and Chittagong City
Bangladesh
Environmentally friendly or sustainable technology
8 The Bridge Maintenance Capacity Building Project in Zambia, Phase II
Zambia
Other
9 Project on Human Resources Development in Health Phase 3
República Democrática del Congo
Other
10 The Project for Technical development to upgrade structural integrity of buildings in densely populated urban areas and its strategic implementation towards resilient cities in Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Other
11 The Project on Establishment of Environmental Conservation Platform of Tonle Sap Lake
Camboya
Environmentally friendly or sustainable technology
12 The Project for Development and Dissemination of Sustainable Production System Based on Invasive Pest Management of Cassava in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Thailand
Camboya; Tailandia; Viet Nam
Other
13 The Project for Integrated Research on Great Earthquakes and Disaster Mitigation in Nepal Himalaya
Nepal
Other
14 The Project for Visualization of impact of chronic/latend chemical hazard and Geo-Ecological Remediation in Zambia
Zambia
Health-related technology; Environmentally friendly or sustainable technology
15 The Project for Developing Counter Measures Against Striga to Conquer Poverty and Improve Food Security
Food and agriculture
16 The Project for Breakthrough in Nutrient Use Efficiency for Rice by Genetic Improvement and Fertility Sensing Techniques in Africa
Madagascar
Other
17 The Project for Development and Operation Model of Plant-derived Soil Additives for Road Disaster Reduction on Problematic Soil
Other
18 The Project for Epidemiology of zoonotic virus infections in Africa
República Democrática del Congo; Zambia
Health-related technology
19 The Project for Advanced and Sustainable Methods on Water Utilization Associated with Greening Potential Evaluation
Djibouti
Environmentally friendly or sustainable technology
20 The Project for Development of Climate Change Resilient Innovative Technologies for Sustainable Wheat Production in the Dry and Heat Prone Agro-ecologies of Sudan and Sub-Saharan Africa
Food and agriculture
21 The Project for Development and Dissemination of Innovative Oil-Extracting Technology from Crop Process Residue for Rural Electrification and Value Addition of By-products
Tanzanía
Biotechnology and biodiversity; Food and agriculture
22 The Project for Establishment of a Sustainable Community Development Model based on Integrated Natural Resource Management Systems in Lake Malawi National Park
Malawi
Biotechnology and biodiversity; Environmentally friendly or sustainable technology; Food and agriculture
23 Environment-friendly Slope Restoration with Soil Algae
Nepal
Biotechnology and biodiversity; Environmentally friendly or sustainable technology
24 Development of Breeding and Water Management Technologies for Safe and Nutritious Rice Production (SATREPS)
Bangladesh
Other
25 The project for institutional capacity building for eliminating Helicobacter pylori related death (SATREPS)
Other
26 The Project for Establishment of Risk Management Platform for Air Pollution in Cambodia
Camboya
Other
27 Technical Training Programme
Camboya; Myanmar; Nepal; República Democrática Popular Lao
Information and communications technology; Other
28 The Programme on Corporate Management
Bangladesh; Camboya; Myanmar; Nepal; República Democrática Popular Lao; Tanzanía
Other
29 The Training Programme for Kaizen
Bangladesh; Nepal; República Democrática Popular Lao; Tanzanía
Other
30 Experts Dispatch Programme
Camboya
Food and agriculture
31 JPO/IPR Training Course on Promoting Public Awareness of IP
Brasil; Brunei Darussalam; Camboya; Chile; Filipinas; India; Liberia; Malasia; México; Nigeria; República Democrática Popular Lao; Singapur; Tailandia; Túnez
Other
32 JPO/IPR Training Course on Trademark Examination under the Madrid System
Bangladesh; Chile; Malasia; Myanmar; Pakistán; Perú; Qatar; Sri Lanka
Other
33 JPO/IPR Training Course on Academia-Industry Collaboration and Technology Transfer
Botswana; Chile; Filipinas; Gambia; Indonesia; Jamaica; Kenya; Malasia; México; Mozambique; Nigeria; Sri Lanka; Tailandia; Tanzanía; Trinidad y Tabago; Túnez; Viet Nam
Other
34 JPO/IPR Training Course on Patent Examination (Basic Programme)
Bangladesh; Brunei Darussalam; Camboya; Filipinas; Jordania; Nepal; Pakistán; Qatar; República Democrática Popular Lao; Sudáfrica
Other
35 JPO/IPR Training Course on Patent Examination Management for Managers
Brasil; Camboya; Filipinas; Malasia; República Democrática Popular Lao; Singapur; Tailandia; Türkiye; Viet Nam
Other
36 JPO/IPR Training Course for Practitioners Specializing in Trademarks
Brasil; Brunei Darussalam; Camboya; Filipinas; India; Malasia; México; República Democrática Popular Lao; Singapur; Tailandia; Viet Nam
Other
37 JPO/IPR Training Course on General Management of IP Office
Antigua y Barbuda; Camboya; Costa Rica; El Salvador; Filipinas; Kenya; Malasia; Perú; República Democrática Popular Lao; Singapur; Sudáfrica; Tailandia; Viet Nam
Other
38 JPO/IPR Training Course on Anti-Counterfeiting Measures for Practitioners
Bangladesh; Filipinas; India; Indonesia; Kenya; Malasia; Sudáfrica; Tailandia; Uganda; Viet Nam
Other
39 JPO/IPR Training Course on Trial and Appeal System
Brunei Darussalam; Camboya; Filipinas; Malasia; República Democrática Popular Lao; Singapur; Tailandia; Viet Nam
Other
40 JPO/IPR Training Course on Information Technology
Bangladesh; Brunei Darussalam; Camboya; Colombia; Filipinas; Kenya; Malasia; México; Pakistán; República Democrática Popular Lao; Viet Nam
Information and communications technology
41 JPO/IPR Training Course on Substantive Examination of Trademarks
Bahrein, Reino de; Bangladesh; Barbados; Brunei Darussalam; Camboya; Camerún; Filipinas; Madagascar; Malasia; México; Nigeria; Omán; República Democrática Popular Lao; República Dominicana; Tailandia; Viet Nam; Zimbabwe
Other
42 JPO/IPR Training Course on Design Substantive Examination and Accession to the Hague Agreement
Bangladesh; Brasil; China; Filipinas; India; Kazajstán; Malasia; México; Tailandia
Other
43 IP4Youth&Teachers Workshop
Camboya; Filipinas; Indonesia; Myanmar; República Democrática Popular Lao; Tailandia; Viet Nam
Other
44 Sub Regional Workshop in MIP Program, Africa University, From University Research to Intellectual Property, Commercialization and Entrepreneurship
Botswana; Eswatini; Gambia; Ghana; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Malawi; Mozambique; Namibia; Rwanda; Sierra Leona; Tanzanía; Uganda; Zambia; Zimbabwe
Other
45 Master’s Degree in Intellectual Property (MIP) program offered jointly by WIPO, ARIPO and Africa University
Botswana; Eswatini; Kenya; Namibia; Nigeria; Tanzanía; Uganda; Zambia; Zimbabwe
Other
46 Master’s Degree in Intellectual Property (MIP) program offered jointly by WIPO, OAPI and University of Yaoundé II
Benin; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Camboya; Côte d'Ivoire; Gabón; Guinea; Mauritania; República Centroafricana; Senegal; Togo
Other
47 WIPO Online Workshop on Utilizing Examination Work Products from other National Phases for Paris Convention or PCT Filings
Bangladesh
Other
48 Virtual Regional Meeting of Intellectual Property Office Officials Responsible for the Madrid System in Selected Asia and Pacific Countries
Bangladesh; Brunei Darussalam; Camboya; Filipinas; Indonesia; Malasia; Mongolia; Myanmar; Pakistán; Papua Nueva Guinea; República Democrática Popular Lao; Samoa; Singapur; Sri Lanka; Tailandia; Viet Nam
Other
49 WIPO Virtual Regional Meeting on Developing the ASEAN Regional Technology and Innovation Support Center (TISC) Network
Brunei Darussalam; Camboya; Filipinas; Indonesia; Malasia; Myanmar; República Democrática Popular Lao; Singapur; Viet Nam
Other
50 WIPO-ARIPO Virtual Regional Meeting on Developing the Regional Technology and Innovation Support Center (TISC) Network
Botswana; Cabo Verde; Eswatini; Gambia; Ghana; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Malawi; Mauricio; Mozambique; Namibia; Rwanda; Sierra Leona; Tanzanía; Uganda; Zambia
Other