Bilateral R&D projects in international technological cooperation with unilateral certification and monitoring are projects conducted by formally constituted consortiums, with the participation of one or more Spanish companies that collaborate effectively in an R&D project with one or more partners, foreigners from the following countries: Saudi Arabia, Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Cape Verde, Cambodia, Qatar, Chile, China, Colombia, Ivory Coast, Costa Rica, Republic of Korea, Cuba, UAE, USA, Ecuador, Egypt, Philippines, Ghana, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Kuwait, Sri Lanka, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lebanon, Malaysia, Morocco, Mauritania, Myanmar, Mexico, Oman, Peru, Russia, Senegal, Singapore, Thailand, The Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu, Tunisia, Uruguay, Vietnam. Among them Bangladesh, Cambodia, Myanmar and Senegal Countries included in the list of Least Developed Countries of the United Nations Committee for Development Policy