The 1992 Trademarks Law provides for protection of services-related trademarks in the same conditions of the protection of goods-related trademarks. The sign is protected if it constitutes a trademark as explained in the answer to question no. 9. The sound constitutes an element of the trademark if it accompanies the trademark.

Article 22 of the Trademarks Law allows the court to decide on the deletion of the registration of a trademark if it was determined that the mark has not been used effectively during five years unless the owner justifies the non-use of the trademark. The amendment of this article will further clarify this situation by adding that the non-use of the trademark should not be a reason of the deletion if it is outside of the power and the will of the owner.

Article 19 of the Trademarks Law permits that the registration of trademarks be indefinitely renewable.

The 1992 Trademarks Law in its Article 3 prohibits the registration of marks that are contrary to the morality or to the public order. The marks aimed at confusing the public with regard to the origin of the goods or services or including counterfeit or fraud, etc are not permitted. The by-law of the 1992 Trademarks Law defines administrative requirements under which a trademark is registered.

The Trademarks Law allows the trademarks registration authority to refuse a trademark application if it contains a geographical indication that its use leads to confuse the public with regard to the origin of the related goods or services.

The Trademarks Law does not contain a definition of geographical indication as such. However, all sorts of names, including geographical indications, are considered as trademarks if they are used to distinguish goods or services with regard to their production, selection or commercialisation. The explicit exclusion of geographical indications, which lead to confusing the public with regard to the origin of the concerned goods or services, confirms that the Trademarks Law covers the geographical indications as referred to in the TRIPS Agreement.

See the answer to question no. 15.

The Trademarks Law does not provide any additional protection to wines and spirits.

Article 3 of the trademarks Law includes among marks which may not be validly registered marks that are composed merely of the appellation commonly used for goods, products, services, familiar drawings of ordinary pictures of goods and services.

The 1992 Patent, Designs and Industrial Models Law No. 44 defines in its Article 1 the industrial design as any form constituted by lines or colours, or any three-dimensional form that is primarily related to lines or colours, provided that it has a specific appearance and can be used as a model in industry or handicraft. The amendment of this article will distinguish between a drawing, which is any form of lines or colours, and the industrial model, which is any isometric structure. Textile designs are protected under the above-mentioned Law as industrial designs. The term of the registration of an industrial design is five years and it may be renewed for two successive periods (Article 48 of the above-mentioned law). The amendment will extend the period of protection to ten years as referred to in the TRIPS Agreement. Article 49 prevents third parties from using the industrial design for manufacturing any product and importing any product related to the industrial design or processing it for the purpose of offering it for sale or to sell it.

See the answer to question no. 19.

No.

The 1992 Patent and Design Law No. 44 provides for a protection of industrial design for five years and it may be renewed for two successive periods (Article 48 of the Law). The amendment to this article will extend the period of protection to ten years as referred to in the TRIPS Agreement.

Article 4 of the Patent Law No. 44 defines the invention as a result of an innovative idea or an innovative improvement on a patented invention. Both the idea and the improvement should be scientifically founded. An invention could be considered under the above-mentioned article as industrially applicable if it can be applied or used in any kind of industry, which should be understood broadest senses and includes agriculture, hunting, handicraft and services.

Article 6 of the Patent Law provides for exclusion from patentability as follows: - plant or animal research, or biological processes for the production of plants or animals, with the exception of microbiological processes and products thereof, - chemical inventions related to foodstuffs, drugs or pharmaceuticals, unless such products are made by means of special chemical process, in which case protection shall extend only to the process and not to the products of the processes, - scientific principles and discoveries, - inventions related to national defense, - inventions, which, if disclosed or exploited, would be contrary to public order and morality. To conform to the provisions of the TRIPS Agreement, the draft amendment of the 1992 Patent and Design Law No. 44 will introduce new elements by eliminating the mention of the second above-mentioned sub-paragraph tiret 2 as exception from granting patent. In addition, the amendment will introduce diagnostic, therapeutic and surgical methods for the treatment of humans or animals among exceptions from granting patent as provided for in Article 27 of the TRIPS Agreement.

See the answer to question no. 24.

The 1992 Patent Law No. 44 does not mention diagnostic, therapeutic and surgical methods as excluded from the patentability. The amendment foreseen to this law, however, will introduce diagnostic and surgical methods for the treatment of humans and animals into the category of the inventions excluded from the patentability.

Plants or animal research, or biological processes for the production of plants or animals, are excluded from the patentability under the 1992 Patent Law No. 44, whereas microbiological processes and related products are not (Article 6).

Micro-organisms, microbiological processes are protected under the Patent Law which mentions in its Article 6 that the microbiological processes and products thereof are excepted from the category of the inventions excluded from the patentability as mentioned in the answer to the question no. 27.

Article 15 of the 1992 Patent Law No. 44 prevents third parties from making, or importing the product, offering it for sale, selling it and using it, or stoking it for the purposes of offering for sale or use when the patent has been granted for a product. The same article prevents the third parties from using the process, or engaging in any of the acts referred to above in relation to a product obtained by the means of the process when the patent has been granted for a process. The amendment to be introduced to this article will modify the drafting of the text in keeping the substance of its provisions preventing importing and offering for sale of a patented invention on one hand, and on the other hand, to affirm the right holders in exploiting his invention.